Literature Review: Analisis Kandungan Senyawa Kimia dalam Buah Pare (Momordica Charantia L.) Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Glukosa Darah

Authors

  • Saeful Amin Program Studi Farmasi, Universitas Bakti Tunas Husada, Tasikmalaya, Indonesia
  • Mila Aulia Program Studi S1 Farmasi, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Bakti Tunas Husada Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
  • Taufik Hidayat Program Studi S1 Farmasi, Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Bakti Tunas Husada Tasikmalaya, Jawa Barat, Indonesia

Keywords:

Antidiabetes, pare, momordica charantia, metabolit sekunder

Abstract

Pendahuluan: Diabetes melitus merupakan gangguan metabolik kronis yang ditandai dengan
hiperglikemia persisten akibat gangguan sekresi dan kerja insulin. Meningkatnya prevalensi diabetes
secara global menyoroti perlunya strategi terapi alternatif dengan profil keamanan yang lebih baik,
termasuk intervensi herbal. Tujuan: ntuk melakukan tinjauan sistematis terhadap senyawa kimia dalam
pare (Momordica charantia L.) dan mengevaluasi potensi mekanismenya dalam menurunkan kadar
glukosa darah. Metode: Tinjauan pustaka sistematis (Systematic Literature Review/SLR) dilakukan
menggunakan berbagai basis data, termasuk Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Semantic Scholar,
dan ScienceDirect. Artikel yang diterbitkan antara tahun 2020 sampai 2025 dipilih berdasarkan kriteria
inklusi dan eksklusi yang telah ditetapkan sebelumnya. Hasil: Pare mengandung berbagai senyawa
bioaktif, termasuk charantin, triterpenoid tipe cucurbitane, polipeptida, saponin, flavonoid, alkaloid,
senyawa fenolik, dan polisakarida. Senyawa-senyawa ini menunjukkan aktivitas hipoglikemik melalui
penghambatan enzim pencerna karbohidrat, peningkatan sekresi dan sensitivitas insulin, aktivasi jalur
sinyal AMPK dan PI3K/Akt, serta pemberian perlindungan antioksidan terhadap sel β pankreas.
Kesimpulan: Pare menunjukkan potensi yang signifikan sebagai agen antidiabetes alami. Namun,
penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk menstandarisasi metode ekstraksi, dosis, dan keamanan jangka
panjang.

References

Ali, A. M., Moqbel, M. S., & Al-Hizab, F. A. (2022). Effect of Momordica charantia on insulin immune-

reactive pancreatic beta cells and blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

American Diabetes Association. (2019). American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in

Diabetes 2019. Journal of Diabetes, 9(4), 320–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.12524

Arbilla, H. A., L. C. I. F. F. (2022). Daun sirsak menurunkan kadar gula darah pasien diabetes mellitus.

Jurnal Endurance, 6(1), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.22216/jen.v6i1.147

Arif, R., Ahmad, S., Mustafa, G., Mahrosh, H. S., Ali, M., Tahir Ul Qamar, M., & Dar, H. R. (2021).

Molecular docking and simulation studies of antidiabetic agents devised from hypoglycemic

Polypeptide-P of Momordica charantia. BioMed Research International, 2021.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5561129

Chang, C. I., Cheng, S. Y., Nurlatifah, A. O., Sung, W. W., Tu, J. H., Lee, L. L., & Cheng, H. L. (2021).

Bitter melon extract yields multiple effects on intestinal epithelial cells and likely contributes to anti diabetic functions. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 18(8), 1848–1856.

https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.55866

Deng, Y., Zhang, Y., Liu, G., Zhou, P., Li, P., Zhao, Z., Zhang, R., Tang, X., Wang, Z., Wei, Z., & Zhang,

M. (2023). Saponins from Momordica charantia exert hypoglycemic effect in diabetic mice by

multiple pathways. Food Science and Nutrition, 11(12), 7626–7637.

https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3682

Duengo, S., Musa, W. J. A., & Kimia, J. (2019). Screening Fitokimia Ekstrak Metanol pada Buah Pare

(Momordica charantia L) 223 Screening Fitokimia Ekstrak Metanol pada Buah Pare (Momordica

charantia L).

International Diabetes Federation. (2021). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level

diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Research and Clinical

Practice, 183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109119

Lee, J. J., & Yoon, K. Y. (2022). Ultrasound-assisted extractions for improving the recovery of phenolics

and charantin from bitter melon and for increasing the antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-obesity

activities of its extracts. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 72(2), 141–150.

https://doi.org/10.31883/pjfns/149434

Liu, J., Liu, Y., Sun, J., Guo, Y., Lei, Y., Guo, M., & Wang, L. (2023). Protective effects and mechanisms

of Momordica charantia polysaccharide on early-stage diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes.

Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 168, 115726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115726

Mohkami, Z., Kheiry, A., Sanikhani, M., Razavi, F., Tavakolizadeh, M., & Ghorbanpour, M. (2024).

Enhancing the medicinal properties and phytochemical content of bitter melon (Momordica

charantia L.) through elicitation with brassinosteroid, ethrel, and carrageenan. BMC Plant Biology,

24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-024-05688-z

Muronga, M., Quispe, C., Tshikhudo, P. P., Msagati, T. A. M., Mudau, F. N., Martorell, M., Salehi, B.,

Abdull Razis, A. F., Sunusi, U., Kamal, R. M., & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2021). Three selected edible crops

of the genus Momordica as potential sources of phytochemicals: Biochemical, nutritional, and

medicinal values. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.625546

Nirnadia, Kamilla, L., & Djohan, H. (2020). Potensi pare (Momordica charantia Linn) sebagai

antidiabetes. JLK, 2(1).

Oliveira, M. L. de A., Sousa, R. M. de, Barbosa, E. A., Galdino, O. A., Dantas, D. L. A., Alves, I. R.,

Sousa Borges, R., Castelo Branco, N. C. de M., Nascimento Rodrigues, A. S. do, de Souza, G.

C., Silva, S. V. e., Araujo-Silva, G., Luz, J. R. D. da, & Almeida, M. das G. (2025). Momordica

charantia L. leaf extract from phytochemical characterization and toxicity evaluation to modulation

of pro-inflammatory cytokines and MAPK/NFκB pathways. Molecules, 30(22), 1–20.

https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30224335

Perumal, N., Nallappan, M., Shohaimi, S., Kassim, N. K., Tee, T. T., & Cheah, Y. H. (2022). Synergistic

antidiabetic activity of Taraxacum officinale and Momordica charantia polyherbal combination.

Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 145, 112401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112401

Soelistijo, S., Lindarto, D., & Decroli, E. (2019). Pedoman pengelolaan dan pencegahan diabetes

melitus tipe 2 dewasa di Indonesia. PB PERKENI.

Sun, K., Ding, M., Fu, C., Li, P., Li, T., Fang, L., Xu, J., & Zhao, Y. (2023). Effects of dietary wild bitter

melon extract on glucose and lipid metabolism in HFD/STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Journal

of Ethnopharmacology, 306, 116154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116154

Tharun, B., Jat, G. S., Mangal, M., Sunartiya, V., Kumar, S., Bhardwaj, R., Singh, N., Ranjan, J. K.,

Tomer, A., Singh, D., & Behera, T. K. (2025). Molecular insights into charantin and β-carotene

biosynthesis in bitter gourd. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 23(4).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2025.100626

Yang, Y. S., Wu, N. Y., Kornelius, E., Huang, C. N., & Yang, N. C. (2022). Hypoglycemic efficacy of

mcIRBP-19-containing Momordica charantia fruit extracts in T2DM subjects. Food and Nutrition

Research, 66, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.29219/fnr.v66.3685

Zhang, X., Zhao, Y., Song, Y., & Miao, M. (2024). Effects of Momordica charantia supplementation on

glycemic control and lipid profile: Meta-analysis. Heliyon, 10(10), e31126.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31126

Downloads

Published

2026-09-01

Issue

Vol. 5 No. 1 (2026): Diseminasi Farmasi UBTH 5.0

Section

Articles